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Human Activities and the Tropical Rainforest

Past, Present and Possible Future

Arising initially from a conference, the papers published here have been integrated into book form to provide information on human activities and the tropical rainforest in the past and present, and on the possible future of the rainforest, in a unique way. Other books have considered some, but not all, of these themes; however, none has stressed the continuity of change over time and its possible outcome for the people of the forest as well as for the forest itself. Because of the approach taken, this book should appeal across traditional disciplinary boundaries. Indeed a prime aim has been to suggest that rainforest, because of its complexity and the complexity of people-rainforest relationships throughout time, deserves study from a broad perspective. This book poses more questions than answers about the rainforest and it is hoped that it will encourage readers to think about the rainforest in a wider way than hitherto. This book is aimed at geographers (physical and human), social anthropologists, archaeologists, pedologists, foresters and tropical botanists and will be of value to graduates of various disciplines setting out to research the rainforest.

This book is aimed at geographers (physical and human), social anthropologists, archaeologists, pedologists, foresters and tropical botanists and will be of value to graduates of various disciplines setting out to research the rainforest.

The Tropical Rain Forest

A First Encounter

In recent years, tropical forests have received more attention and have been the subject of greater environmental concern than any other kind of vegetation. There is an increasing public awareness of the importance of these forests, not only as a diminishing source of countless products used by mankind, nor for their effects on soil stabilization and climate, but as unrivalled sources of what today we call biodiversity. Threats to the continued existence of the forests represent threats to tens of thousands of species of organisms, both plants and animals. It is all the more surprising, therefore, that there have been no major scientific accounts published in recent years since the classic handbook by Paul W. Richards, The Tropical Rain Forest in 1952. Some excellent popular accounts of tropical rain forests have been published including Paul Richard's The Life of the Jungle, and Catherine Caulfield's In the Rainforest and Jungles, edited by Edward Ayensu. There have been numerous, often conflicting, assessments of the rate of conversion of tropical forests to other uses and explanations of the underlying causes, and in 1978 UNESCO/UNEPI FAO published a massive report, The Tropical Rain Forest, which, although full of useful information, is highly selective and does not fully survey the enormous diversity of the forests.

It is all the more surprising, therefore, that there have been no major scientific accounts published in recent years since the classic handbook by Paul W. Richards, The Tropical Rain Forest in 1952.

Tropical Rainforests and Agroforests under Global Change

Ecological and Socio-economic Valuations

not only for land use systems that depend on the regular supply of rain or irrigation water but also for the future development of natural rainforests as drought stress has been shown to a?ect tree growth and species composition in old-growth forests (Wright 1991, Walsh and Newbery 1999, Engelbrecht et al. 2007). A drought experiment conducted in a cacao agroforestry plantation showed that this plantation was surprisingly resilient to an induced drought of more than a year (Schwendenmann et al. 2009). However, droughts can have a strong impact on household incomes from agriculture, they strongly a?ect the vulnerability to poverty and thus have to be analyzed as important exogenous shocks to households, forcing them to adjust their behaviour and develop strategies to cope with these problems. The stability of rainforest margins is a critical factor in the protection of tropical rainforests (Tscharntke et al. 2007). At present, however, rainf- est margins in many parts of the tropics are far from stable, both in soc- economic and in ecological terms. For example, protected areas may attract, rather than repel, human settlement, which may be due to international donor investment in national conservation programs (Wittemeyer et al. 2008). An alternative hypothesis is that protected areas might be compromised if leakage takes place, that is, if impacts that would take place inside the restricted area are displaced to a nearby, undisturbed area (Ewers and Rodrigues 2008).

Globally, tropical rainforest species are under increasing threat due to ongoing
deforestation. We summarize published studies on effects of forest disturbance
and conversion on tropical butterfly assemblages with a focus on forest species.
Additionally, we use existing faunal monographs to extract information on the
habitat affiliations of tropical forest butterflies. Based on these data, we quantify
the importance of human-modified habitats for the conservation of tropical
butterflies ...

Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins

Linking Ecological, Economic and Social Constraints of Land Use and Conservation

Tropical rainforests are disappearing at an alarming rate, causing unprecedented losses in biodiversity and ecosystem services. This book contributes to an improved understanding of the processes that have destabilizing effects on ecological and socio-economic systems of tropical rain forest margins, as well as striving to integrate environmental, technological and socio-economic issues in their solution.

Forest structure as influenced by different types of community forestry in a lower
montane rainforest of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia Johannes Dietz1,2∗, Dirk H
̈olscher1, Christoph Leuschner2, Adam Malik3, and M. Amran Amir3 1 Tropical
Silviculture, Institute of Silviculture, University of G ̈ottingen, B ̈usgenweg 1,
37077 G öttingen, Germany 2 Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for
Plant Sciences, University of G ̈ottingen, Untere Karsp ̈ule 2, 37073 G
̈ottingen, ...

Tropical Rainforest Responses to Climatic Change

This updated and expanded second edition of a much lauded work provides a current overview of the impacts of climate change on tropical forests. The authors also investigate past, present and future climatic influences on the ecosystems with the highest biodiversity on the planet. Tropical Rainforest Responses to Climatic Change, Second Edition, looks at how tropical rain forest ecology is altered by climate change, rather than simply seeing how plant communities were altered. Shifting the emphasis on to ecological processes, e.g. how diversity is structured by climate and the subsequent impact on tropical forest ecology, provides the reader with a more comprehensive coverage. A major theme of the book is the interaction between humans, climate and forest ecology. The authors, all foremost experts in their fields, explore the long term occupation of tropical systems, the influence of fire and the future climatic effects of deforestation, together with anthropogenic emissions. Incorporating modelling of past and future systems paves the way for a discussion of conservation from a climatic perspective, rather than the usual plea to stop logging. This second edition provides an updated text in this rapidly evolving field. The existing chapters are revised and updated and two entirely new chapters deal with Central America and the effect of fire on wet forest systems. In the first new chapter, the paleoclimate and ecological record from Central America (Lozano, Correa, Bush) is discussed, while the other deals with the impact of fire on tropical ecosystems. It is hoped that Jonathon Overpeck, who has been centrally involved in the 2007 and 2010 IPCC reports, will provide a Foreword to the book.

Nowhere in the world is that need so serious as in the tropics, where
deforestation and extinction are at their most rapid, biodiversity greatest, and
human lifestyles at their most precarious. We therefore hope and believe that this
book will be timely and useful, as it attempts to describe and explain in scientific
terms the past, present, and future changes in Earth's most complex terrestrial
ecosystem, the Tropical Rain Forest. The project grew from a discussion between
Clive Horwood of ...

Tropical Rain Forest: A Wider Perspective

The international perspective for this book is the unprecedented level of concern over deforestation, recognized by the meeting of world leaders at the 1992 Earth Summit, in Rio do Janeiro, and culminating in the appoint ment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF), under the auspices of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development. The wide range of issues covered by the authors in this volume reflects the breadth of the interna tional debate, from national policies and activist campaigning, through eco nomic and social objectives, to the sustainable management of forest and soil resources. Since the conservation campaigns of the 1980s, the focus of international concern has widened from tropical rain forests to all forest formations, in all regions, with increased recognition of global values and common responsibil ities. However, while forest cover in some temperate countries is increasing, irrational deforestation, at historically unprecedented levels of damage to biodiversity and to other environmental values, remains most acute in tropi cal countries, where the need to use the natural resources for sustainable development is greatest, and the capability weakest. While accepting the urgency of the situation, and the need for greater coherence of action at a global level, the 1997 report of the IPF to the UN Commission emphasized the powers and responsibilities of national governments, and the importance of National Forest Programmes, but with the fuller participation of local communities, and with enhanced access to international assistance.

The proliferation of rainforest conservation projects, and their apparent
indifference tothe actual culturesof forest people, can be illustrated from research
carried out inCameroon and Sierra Leone. These two countries represent,in
microcosm,almost allofthe ecological, sociocultural, colonial and postcolonial
processes which haveaffected theforest societies ofWestand CentralAfrica.
Ecologically, Sierra Leone andCameroon representthe Guinean and Congo
forest regions (seeFigure ...

An Introduction to Medical Manipulation

to Medical Manipulation John K. Paterson, MB. BS. MRCGP currently Vice-President and Han. Secretary of the British Association of Manipulative Medicine and member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the International Federation of Manual Medicine and Loic Burn, BA. MRCS. LRCP. DPhysMed currently President of the British Association of Manipulative Medicine. Han. Secretary of the Scientific Section of the British League against Rheumatism and member of Council of the Back Pain Association ~~ M.TP PRESS LIM.ITED ~ a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP LA CASTER I BOSTON I THE HAG E / DORDRECHT Published in the UK and Europe by MTP Press Limited Falcon House Lancaster, England British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Paterson, John K. An introduction to medical manipulation. 1. Manipulation (Therapeutics) I. Title II. Burn, Loic 615.8'2 RM724 Published in the USA by MTPPress A division of Kluwer Boston Inc 190 Old Derby Street Hingham, MA 02043, USA Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Paterson, John K., 1921- An introduction to medical manipulation. Bibliography: p. Includes index.

An Introduction to Medical Manipulation John K. Paterson, MB, BS, MRCGP
currently Vice-President and Hon. Secretary of the British ASSociation of
Manipulative Medicine and member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the
International Federation of Manua/Medicine and Loic Burn, BA, MRCS LRCP,
DPhysMed currently President of the British Association of Manipulative Medicine
, Hon. Secretary of the Scientific Section of the British League against
Rheumatism and member of ...

Handbook of Face Recognition

This highly anticipated new edition provides a comprehensive account of face recognition research and technology, spanning the full range of topics needed for designing operational face recognition systems. After a thorough introductory chapter, each of the following chapters focus on a specific topic, reviewing background information, up-to-date techniques, and recent results, as well as offering challenges and future directions. Features: fully updated, revised and expanded, covering the entire spectrum of concepts, methods, and algorithms for automated face detection and recognition systems; provides comprehensive coverage of face detection, tracking, alignment, feature extraction, and recognition technologies, and issues in evaluation, systems, security, and applications; contains numerous step-by-step algorithms; describes a broad range of applications; presents contributions from an international selection of experts; integrates numerous supporting graphs, tables, charts, and performance data.

The training samples are 222 individuals from FRGC-V2 database, each
individual has 10 images. The testing samples are 466 individuals from FRGC-
V2 database, each individual has one image as face template. 466 individuals
has totally 8014 images for testing. After feature extraction, PCA is used as the
dimension reduction, LDA is used as the discriminant learning, and normalized
correlation classifier is used. In addition, this experiment does not do illumination
preprocessing.

Handbook of Database Security

Applications and Trends

Handbook of Database Security: Applications and Trends provides an up-to-date overview of data security models, techniques, and architectures in a variety of data management applications and settings. In addition to providing an overview of data security in different application settings, this book includes an outline for future research directions within the field. The book is designed for industry practitioners and researchers, and is also suitable for advanced-level students in computer science.

In this chapter, a systematic review of database watermarking is provided. The
existing database watermarking approaches are classified along six dimensions:
data type, distortion to underlying data, sensitivity to database attacks, watermark
information, verifiability, and data structure. At the end of this chapter, some open
issues are discussed.

R for SAS and SPSS Users

While SAS and SPSS have many things in common, R is very different. My goal in writing this book is to help you translate what you know about SAS or SPSS into a working knowledge of R as quickly and easily as possible. I point out how they differ using terminology with which you are familiar, and show you which add-on packages will provide results most like those from SAS or SPSS. I provide many example programs done in SAS, SPSS, and R so that you can see how they compare topic by topic. When finished, you should be able to use R to: Read data from various types of text files and SAS/SPSS datasets. Manage your data through transformations or recodes, as well as splitting, merging and restructuring data sets. Create publication quality graphs including bar, histogram, pie, line, scatter, regression, box, error bar, and interaction plots. Perform the basic types of analyses to measure strength of association and group differences, and be able to know where to turn to cover much more complex methods.

"This is a really great book. It is easy to read, quite comprehensive, and would be extremely valuable to both regular R users and users of SAS and SPSS who wish to switch to or learn about R...An invaluable reference.