International Tables for Crystallography Volume G, Definition and exchange of crystallographic data, describes the standard data exchange and archival file format (the Crystallographic Information File, or CIF) used throughout crystallography. It provides in-depth information vital for small-molecule, inorganic and macromolecular crystallographers, mineralogists, chemists, materials scientists, solid-state physicists and others who wish to record or use the results of a single-crystal or powder diffraction experiment. The volume also provides the detailed data ontology necessary for programmers and database managers to design interoperable computer applications. The accompanying CD-ROM contains the CIF dictionaries in machine-readable form and a collection of libraries and utility programs. This volume is an essential guide and reference for programmers of crystallographic software, data managers handling crystal-structure information and practising crystallographers who need to use CIF.
The volume is divided into five parts: Part 1 - An introduction to the development of CIF. Part 2 - Details concepts and specifications of the files and languages.
International Tables for Crystallography Volume G, Definition and exchange of crystallographic data, describes the standard data exchange and archival file format (the Crystallographic Information File, or CIF) used throughout crystallography. It provides in-depth information vital for small-molecule, inorganic and macromolecular crystallographers, mineralogists, chemists, materials scientists, solid-state physicists and others who wish to record or use the results of a single-crystal or powder diffraction experiment. The volume also provides the detailed data ontology necessary for programmers and database managers to design interoperable computer applications. The accompanying CD-ROM contains the CIF dictionaries in machine-readable form and a collection of libraries and utility programs. This volume is an essential guide and reference for programmers of crystallographic software, data managers handling crystal-structure information and practising crystallographers who need to use CIF.
DDL1 definition showing enumeration states. DDL1 attributes are most easily
understood when considered in groups with common descriptive functions. There
are five basic functional groups of attributes, which perform the definition tasks of
...
All change theories and approaches agree on two essential ingredients: committed leaders and engaged employees. Most would say that if you have these, you will have successful change¿but how do you get them? This is the point where change recipes often come up short. How do you encourage the commitment and engagement needed in your organization to survive reorganization, acquire a hostile competitor, establish a refreshed workforce strategy, or endure the necessary cutbacks during a recession? How do you get people out of their normal routine and involved in something bigger than themselves or their function? Customers, that¿s how! By thinking about change from the customer¿s pointof view, you will create sustained commitment and engagement within your organization faster than with any other approach. By encouraging leaders and employees to adopt a cohesive perspective, you will unlock the world¿s most powerful change strategy¿uniting leaders and employees through their customers.
Most would say that if you have these, you will have successful change¿but how do you get them? This is the point where change recipes often come up short.
Human-induced land-use intensification and climate change are major global change drivers likely to continue for a long time. This international symposium provides an open platform for all scientists from socio-economic and natural sciences interested in the effects of global change on rainforests and agroforests. Balancing the ecological and socio-economic benefits of different agroforestry systems, comparing patterns and processes in managed agroforest and natural forest, and modeling the dynamics of land-use change and related resource degradation under various policy scenarios are major topics of this symposium.
Having adopted a protected area in legal terms does not automatically lead to the
"real" protection of the tropical rainforest included in the protected area. Harmful
practices originate from the failure of policies, laws and decision-making
processes to provide effective guidance and conservation incentives to
managers and others involved. Conservation managers and other stakeholders
involved in the protection and sustainable use of tropical rainforests confirm that
problems at the ...
Views on the dynamics of tropical forests are changing rapidly with the recognition that their environment is variable on the decadal to century scale. Fluctuating climatic conditions partly determine tropical forest structure, species composition and dynamics. Tropical communities are also highly contingent in space and time with respect to site and historical factors. Tropical forests have experienced to some degree this disturbance regime in the past, but climatologists are now predicting increasingly frequent extreme events in the new century. The combination of increasing deforestation and land-use conversion by man plus an increasingly variable environment means a situation that could be very difficult to manage.
Fluctuating climatic conditions partly determine tropical forest structure, species composition and dynamics. Tropical communities are also highly contingent in space and time with respect to site and historical factors.
