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Are mixed neighborhoods always unstable?

two-sided and one-sided tipping

A great deal of urban policy depends on the possibility of creating stable, economically and racially mixed neighborhoods. Many social interaction models - including the seminal Schelling (1971) model - have the feature that the only stable equilibria are fully segregated. These models suggest that if home-buyers have preferences over their neighborhoods' racial composition, a neighborhood with mixed racial composition is inherently unstable, in the sense that a small change in the composition sets off a dynamic process that converges to either 0% or 100% minority share. Card, Mas, and Rothstein (2008) outline an alternative "one-sided" tipping model in which neighborhoods with a minority share below a critical threshold are potentially stable, but those that exceed the threshold rapidly shift to 100% minority composition. In this paper we examine the racial dynamics of Census tracts in major metropolitan areas over the period from 1970 to 2000, focusing on the question of whether tipping is "two-sided" or "one-sided". The evidence suggests that tipping behavior is one-sided, and that neighborhoods with minority shares below the tipping point attract both white and minority residents.

As we have drawn the graph, at low levels of the minority share the demand
effect dominates, and as m rises from 0 the move up the inverse demand curve
yields a rise in the marginal willingness to pay by white buyers. At higher levels of
the ...

Quantifying International Production Sharing at the Bilateral and Sector Level

Recent research by Koopman, Wang and Wei (AER, February 2014) has provided a framework to decompose a country's total gross exports into four parts: (a) exports of domestic value-added that are eventually absorbed abroad, (b) exports of domestic value added that eventually return home, (c) foreign value added embedded in the country's exports, and (d) pure double counted items due to intermediate goods crossing borders multiple times. While the KWW framework already has useful applications, many other applications would need decompositions at the sector, bilateral, or bilateral sector level. Such generalizations are challenging. In this paper, we overcome these challenges and derive a decomposition methodology appropriate for these levels. We present a number of results based on applying our methodology to the World Input-Output Database (WIOD) for 40 countries and 35 industries from 1995 to 2011.

Recent research by Koopman, Wang and Wei (AER, February 2014) has provided a framework to decompose a country's total gross exports into four parts: (a) exports of domestic value-added that are eventually absorbed abroad, (b) exports of ...